Background: Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous condition and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality among women in developing countries. In Bangladesh, its prevalence is rising due to low screening rates and late-stage diagnosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence of CIN among women attending the outpatient department of Islami Bank Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, and to identify associated risk factors. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Islami Bank Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from January 2020 to December 2023. The study included 218 women aged 30-65 years. Screening for CIN was performed using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Pap smear/Liquid Based Cytology (LBC). Positive cases were confirmed using colposcopy. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of risk factors, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 218 women screened, 35 were diagnosed with CIN, yielding an incidence rate of 16.1% (95% CI: 11.5% - 21.8%). Of these, 20 cases (57.1%) were identified as CIN 1, 10 cases (28.6%) as CIN 2, and 5 cases (14.3%) as CIN 3. The incidence of CIN was significantly associated with early sexual exposure (p=0.03) and multiple sexual partners (p=0.02). The use of VIA and LBC demonstrated a combined sensitivity of 92% for CIN detection. Conclusions: The study highlights a significant incidence of CIN among the outpatient population in IBMC Rajshahi, emphasizing the need for enhanced screening and preventive strategies. Early detection of cervical cancer through VIA and LBC, followed by colposcopy, proves effective in managing CIN. Public health initiatives should focus on increasing awareness, health education, and accessibility to screening services to reduce cervical cancer incidence.

This study examined workplace humanization and job effectiveness of business education graduates in tertiary institutions in Rivers State. Two (2) objectives, research questions and null hypotheses were stated, answered, formulated and tested to guide this study. Descriptive survey design was adopted in this study and the population consists of one thousand two hundred and eighty-three business education graduates in public tertiary institutions in Rivers State and the sample size of this study was two hundred and ninety-seven respondents drawn from the population with the use of Taro Yamen formular, hence simple random sampling techniques was adopted in this study. A self-developed questionnaire titled “Workplace Humanization and Job Effectiveness of Business Education Graduates Questionnaire (WoHuJEBEGQu) was used to obtain data for this study. In addition, the said instrument employed face and content validity, which was validated by experts in the study area and a reliability index coefficient of 0.81 was obtained using test-retest method of Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC). Mean and standard deviation was used to answer and analyzed the research questions while independent t-test statistical tool was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of this study revealed that job security and equity in remuneration are the variables of workplace humanization that enhances job effectiveness of business education graduates in tertiary institutions in Rivers State to a high extent. In addition, there is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female business education graduates on extent job security and equity in remuneration enhances job effectiveness in the aforementioned institutions in Rivers State. It was therefore recommended among others that management of institutions should display equal fairness in the areas of employees’ remuneration so that there will not be room for any marginalization.

In a typical watershed area such as the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, watershed modelling is essential for the sustainable management of water resources, protection of ecosystems and more. In this study, we will be creating a watershed model for FUTO, this study will also cover other aspects such as estimating the depression-less flow direction, delineating the flow accumulation, extracting realistic drainage network using the Strahler’s stream order method and we will also delineate the watershed’s boundary and identify possible outlets / pour points, using the digital elevation model (DEM) gotten from Alaska satellite facility used as a main data source in combination with the PC version of ArcGIS software (ArcMap 10.7) and then we extract the hydrologic information from the DEM in ArcGIS using Hydrology tools. The estimation of depression-less flow direction is done by filling the digital elevation model (DEM). This includes performing fill on sinks to ensure proper delineation of basins and streams. If the sinks are not filled, a derived drainage network may be discontinuous. After the DEM has been filled, then we can now move on to delineating the flow accumulation in the study area. The results shows that by using watershed function in ArcGIS for watershed flow direction and accumulation in FUTO can be determined. The results also shows the drainage network that was extracted by Strahler’s method, showing different orders of streams and it also shows the watershed boundary and pour point / outlets along the Otamiri River which the watershed drains into. This work simply shows the applicability of GIS as a tool of watershed delineation and drainage extraction.

The aim was to assess the prognosis of anaemic pregnant women at the Gabriel Toure University Hospital in Bamako (Mali). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. It covered a period of 6 months and involved 432 patients. Results: the frequency of anaemia associated with pregnancy was 28.7% or 432 cases of anaemia among 1505 pregnant women. The mean age was 25.99 years with extremes of 15 and 45 years. Among them, the majority were housewives and constituted 77.8% of the workforce compared to only 4.9% of civil servants. The etiological factors often associated were: gestationity (3.52 with extremes of 1 and 11); primiges (29.20%); parity (3.26 with extremes of 1 and 11). The mean birth interval was 24.4 months with extremes of minus 6 months and 158 months. In 78.7% of cases, patients were transfused. The prognosis was characterized by a maternal mortality rate of 4.4% and a neonatal mortality rate of 33.3%. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.21 days. Conclusion: Anaemia in pregnant women is a pathology that causes maternal and neonatal mortality. The unavailability of blood products worsens the prognosis.

During this study period, we recorded 10187 deliveries, including 2763 caesarean sections. Surgical site infections were found in 102 caesarean sections, i.e. 3.69%. We found that age over 35 years, history of diabetes, asthma, sickle cell anemia, obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and history of caesarean section were risk factors for the occurrence of an infection at the surgical site. The bacteriological profile was dominated by Staphylococcus Aureus (21%) followed by Klebsiella Pneumoniae (20%) and Escherichia Coli (16%). Superficial infection was the most common at 65%. Most of the germs were sensitive to imipenems; to the ertapenems; amikacin; gentamycin; colistin and ciprofloxacin. Klebsiella was the germ most resistant to common antibiotics.

This article proposes an innovative approach to optimizing scheduling in reconfigurable production systems, with a focus on minimizing resource allocation in a dynamic environment while considering time constraints and resource availability. We present a methodology based on intelligent Petri nets to model and solve this complex problem. Our approach aims to maximize operational efficiency and flexibility of production systems while ensuring optimal performance in the face of unforeseen events and changing market demands. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach through a case study in a real industrial context, demonstrating the tangible benefits it offers in terms of optimizing production processes and reducing costs.

Uterine ruptures are common in Africa incidence 1 per 70 to 151 deliveries [1]. Rupture of the gravid uterus affects less than 1% of pregnant women involved in a public road accident. We report a case of uterine rupture due to direct abdominal trauma during a road accident (AVP) occurring in Kayes (Mali) [1].

Periampullary tumors are cancers that arise in the region of the ampulla of Vater, where the bile duct and pancreatic duct converge and empty into the small intestine. These tumours can be challenging to diagnose and manage given the region's transitional character and closeness to various structures. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding may be a rare clinical presentation following tumoral ulceration, erosion into blood vessels or nearby structures or secondary complications like pancreatitis or portal hypertension. Identifying the anatomical origin of these malignancies is usually a herculean task. This will require prompt oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and imaging to determine the source. Immunohistochemistry may be helpful in differentiating these tumours. We present periampullary tumour an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A 52 year old male was admitted for evaluation following a 3 months history of weight loss, burning/colicky epigastric pain, easy fatiguability, dizziness, vomiting and passage of malaena.He was fully conscious on admission, pale, tachycardic with a blood pressure of 90/70mmHg. He had an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.0. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a polypoid fungating mass at the1st and 2nd parts of the duodenum. A Computerized Tomogram scan of the abdomen showed a diffuse circumferential duodenal wall thickening of 1st and 2nd parts with reduction in luminal calibre, mildly dilated pancreatic, common bile and common hepatic ducts. Histology showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. He had a side to side gastrojejunal anastomosis and cholecystojejunostomy and entero-enterotomy following which he received chemotherapy.

Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease, has become the hot topic spreading across the newspaper headlines like a forest fire. The disease is transmitted from one individual to another by close, intimate contact such as cuddling, kissing, or contact with fluids in the dermal lesions. Though it is a self-limiting disease with symptoms akin to Smallpox (but a milder version), some severe cases have been reported as well. WHO has reported the case fatality rate of Monkeypox infection to be around 3–6%, which is slightly higher than that of COVID-19. Incubation period of the disease is 6–13 days on an average (range of 5–21 days). The monkeypox virus, which was previously exclusive to West and Central African nations and caused endemic diseases in monkeys and people, has recently been linked to human infections in non-endemic areas including the United States of America (USA) and more than 30 additional countries. The monkeypox outbreak continues to be a worldwide health emergency, the highest degree of alert recognised by the World Health Organization. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises vaccination for those who have been exposed to the disease as well as those who may be at higher risk of contracting it, such as those who have been identified by public health officials as a contact of someone who has the disease.

Background: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common gynecologic malignancy with significant implications for women's health. Mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd) has emerged as a critical factor influencing the pathogenesis and prognosis of EC. This study aims to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics of MMRd EC in a Bangladeshi cohort. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Gynecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from March 2022 to February 2023. A total of 49 patients with histologically confirmed EC were included. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and patient records. Results: Among the 49 patients, 67.35% (n=33) were MMR proficient, while 32.65% (n=16) were MMR deficient. The mean age was 55 years for MMR proficient and 55.6 years for MMR deficient patients. Hypertension was present in 69.70% of MMR proficient and 75% of MMR deficient patients, while diabetes mellitus affected 54.55% of MMR proficient and 62.50% of MMR deficient patients. MMRd patients showed higher rates of adnexal involvement (37.50% vs. 6.06%, p=0.010) and metastasis (37.50% vs. 9.09%, p=0.024). Multivariate logistic regression identified advanced FIGO stage (III & IV) as a significant predictor of MMR deficiency (adjusted OR 4.274, 95% CI: 1.691-15.515, p=0.025). Conclusion: MMRd in endometrial carcinoma is associated with more aggressive tumor features and poorer prognostic indicators. Routine evaluation of MMR status is crucial for effective prognosis and treatment planning. Addressing socioeconomic disparities and integrating targeted therapeutic strategies can improve management and outcomes for patients with MMRd endometrial carcinoma in diverse populations.

Background: Excessive and uncontrolled internet use can significantly impair daily functioning in various life domains. Despite the numerous benefits of the internet, its addictive use is a growing concern, particularly among youth, who are prone to anxiety, depression, and stress-related disorders. Understanding the current scenario is essential for devising effective interventions, yet no scientific data is available in Bangladesh. Objective: To assess between depression, anxiety, and stress among youth with problematic internet use (PIU) attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, from October 2020 to September 2022. Participants were interviewed using a structured socio-demographic questionnaire, the Bangla versions of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21-BV). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Among the 90 participants (mean age: 21.33 years; 68% male, 32% female), 95% were students, and 87% were from nuclear families. Internet use exceeded one year for 83% of participants. PIU levels were minimal in 15%, moderate in 62%, and excessive in 22%. Severe depression was observed in 15% of participants, severe anxiety in 25%, and severe stress in 25%. Extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were found in 14%, 5%, and 14% of participants, respectively. Significant risk factors for PIU included male gender (χ²=8.217; p=0.02) and over three hours of daily internet use (χ²=35.289; p=0.001). PIU was significantly associated with depression (χ²=20.380; p=0.001), anxiety (χ²=16.159; p=0.019), and stress (χ²=14.734; p=0.019). Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly associated with PIU. Early risk assessment, proper internet use, and initial screening are essential for managing potential mental disorders linked to PIU.

Organic products are grown under a system of agriculture without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, with an environmentally and socially responsible approach, and provide healthy food. It is developing rapidly and is practised in more than 120 countries. In 2022-23, the total area under the organic certification process (registered under the National Programme for Organic Production) is 10.17 million ha. This includes 5.39 million ha of cultivable area and another 4.8 million hectares for wild harvest collection. Madhya Pradesh has covered the most significant area under organic certification. In contrast, India produced around 2.9 million MT of certified organic products, which include all varieties of food products, namely Oil Seeds, fibre, Sugar cane, Cereals and millets, Cotton, Pulses, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Tea, Coffee, Fruits, Spices, Dry Fruits, Vegetables, Processed foods etc. The production is not limited to the edible sector; it produces organic cotton fiber, functional food products, etc. Among different states, Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer. In terms of exports, the total value was 0.31 million Mt. The organic food export realisation was around Rs. 5525.18 Crore (708.33 million USD). Products are exported to the USA, European Union, Canada, Great Britain, Switzerland, Turkey, Australia, Ecuador, the Korean Republic, Vietnam, Japan, etc. The objectives of organic farming ensure that food production has high nutritional value in adequate quantities and preserves and enhances the long-term fertility of soils.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a critical challenge to global public health, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of bioactive compounds derived from four medicinal plants: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Asteracantha longifolia, Asparagus racemosus, and Tinospora cordifolia. These plants, traditionally used in various medicinal systems, contain compounds such as khusimol, stigmasterol, lupeol, shatavarin IV, asparagamine A, tinosporin, and cordifolioside A, which have shown promising antimicrobial properties against resistant pathogens. Two formulations were developed: Formulation 1, designed for oral administration, and Formulation 2, a topical cream, both targeting antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each extract and formulation was determined using a microdilution method. Results indicate that these plant-based formulations exhibit significant inhibitory effects on bacterial growth, with potential applications as complementary therapies to conventional antibiotics. This study highlights the potential of these medicinal plants as sources of novel antimicrobial agents, providing a sustainable approach to combating antibiotic resistance.

In the era of big data, organizations are increasingly leveraging advanced analytics to extract valuable insights from vast and complex datasets. Management Information Systems (MIS) play a crucial role in collecting, processing, and analyzing data to support decision-making. Integrating big data analytics into MIS can enhance business intelligence and improve organizational performance. This study aims to investigate the integration of big data analytics into MIS and its impact on business intelligence. Specifically, the study seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with this integration and explore best practices for implementation. A qualitative research approach was adopted for this study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews based on a survey of over 312 information technology (IT) professionals from 21 industries with IT managers and business analysts from January 2022 to December 2023. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data and identify key themes related to integrating big data analytics into MIS. The findings indicate that integrating big data analytics into MIS can significantly improve business intelligence. According to the respondents, on average, there was a 30% increase in the accuracy of decision-making processes after the integration. Additionally, organizations reported a 25% reduction in operational costs and a 20% increase in revenue as a result of the integration. Moreover, 70% of the respondents agreed that integrating big data analytics into MIS improved their organization's overall performance. Integrating big data analytics into MIS offers numerous benefits, including improved decision-making, cost savings, and revenue growth. However, organizations must overcome challenges such as data privacy and security concerns and the need for skilled personnel to manage and analyze big data. Overall, this study highlights the importance of integrating big data analytics into MIS for enhancing business intelligence and achieving organizational success.

Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol) is a natural monoterpene phenolic antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potentials in experimental studies. Literatures are scarce on effects of hexachlorobenzene-induced hepatic damage. Therefore, this study investigated the ameliorating potential of thymol (THY) on hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-induced hepatic damage as well as the effects on the antioxidant status, polyamine catabolism, inflammatory and apoptotic processes. Thirty-two adult male rats were daily treated orally by gavage for 25 days and allocated into four groups; control group received corn oil, HCB alone group (15 mg/kg b.wt), THY-treated group (100 mg/kg b.wt) and HCB + THY-treated group. The results showed that HCB significantly reduced the body weight with concurrent increase in relative liver weight accompanied by widespread histological aberrations. Furthermore, HCB-treated rats revealed increases in hepatic putrescine oxidase, spermine oxidase, and myeloperoxidase activities, tumor necrosis-α and interleukin-1β levels, caspase-3 activity, induced oxidative damage as evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and significant reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced glutathione (GSH). However, co-administration of THY with HBC abated the hepatic damage by preventing the generation and release of reactive oxygen species, improving the antioxidant system, down-regulated polyamine catabolism, inflammatory and apoptotic responses. The findings of this study revealed that HCB acts as a hepatotoxicant and thymol might be a possible future therapeutic agent for HCB-induced hepatic damage.