Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common condition among adolescent girls, characterized by various physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms occurring before menstruation Despite its prevalence, awareness and understanding of PMS remain limited, particularly among adolescent girls A lack of knowledge can lead to misconceptions and inadequate management of the symptoms, and collect the 50 samples selected by using purposive sampling There was significant improvement in the knowledge of Adolescence girls following the administration of structured teaching program on Premenstrual Syndrome. The majority of respondent 90% had inadequate knowledge on Pre-menstrual syndrome.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted health, social life, and economies, with effects that are still unfolding globally. While much research has been devoted to understanding the acute phase of the virus, there’s limited insight into the lingering symptoms that can affect people’s well-being long after initial recovery, particularly in cases with moderate severity. Recognizing and addressing these persistent issues is essential to fully support patient recovery. Objective: This study focuses on understanding the residual symptoms experienced by patients three months after a moderate COVID-19 diagnosis. The study is centered on individuals who sought care at Dubai Health Authority’s Fever Clinics in Al Badaa and Al Khawaneej, aiming to pinpoint symptom patterns and provide insights into patient recovery trajectories. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed records from 394 individuals diagnosed with moderate COVID-19 between June and December 2020. To qualify for inclusion, patients needed a confirmed moderate diagnosis, characterized by a fever above 38°C or mild-to-moderate pneumonia as observed in chest X-rays. Patients completed an 18-question survey about lingering symptoms, and data were analyzed using Chi-square and T-tests to assess patterns across different demographics and clinical characteristics, with p < 0.05 as the threshold for significance. Results: Out of the 394 participants (68% male, 32% female), 22.1% reported ongoing symptoms three months after their initial diagnosis. The most frequently cited issues were body pain (24.1%), sleep disturbances such as insomnia (21.8%), breathing difficulties (dyspnea) and fatigue (both 20.7%), and feelings of anxiety (19.5%). These symptoms were more common among patients aged 31-49 and those with chronic conditions, especially hypertension, highlighting specific groups that may require additional post-recovery support. Conclusion: Persistent symptoms are common among individuals recovering from moderate COVID-19 infections, varying according to age, existing health conditions, and marital status. Screening and targeted support measures may help address these lingering effects, aiding recovery and quality of life for affected individuals.

Parent’s participation in their child's education creates academic progress. A quantitative approach was adopted in this study and non experimental exploratory research design. A non probability convenient sampling technique was used among 300 parents of school age children various statistical tests were adapted. Questionnaire was confined to the areas of Epstein’s six different types of involvement which included parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with community and Parental involvement opinionnaire was developed and referring to the ‘No child left behind Act’ (NCLB). The study showed, 295 parents has shown full parental involvement in academic performance, 5 of them showed partial involvement and no one showed any involvement in academic performance of their child. Final results revealed 178 children were having good academic performance and 118 were having average academic performance and 4 of them shown poor academic performance. In study group there was highly significant difference of parental involvement i.e. P<0.005 and no significant difference of academic performance i.e. P>0.05. The conclusion is that there is no significant difference between the parental involvement and academic performance of the child.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of rotational and single insecticide applications against pea aphids on grass pea crops in the Dera and Fogera districts of Northwestern Ethiopia from 2021 to 2022. Experimental plots measured 2 m × 4 m and utilized a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides profenophos, imidacloprid, λ-cyhalothrin and dimethoate were applied in rotation (P-I-L-D) and individually. It was found that all insecticide treatments reduced the numbers of pea aphids significantly. Treatment impacts on pea aphid populations, for example, were significant in Fogera in 2021 [F (5,18) = 34.924, p<0.001 in Week 2 and 93.250, p<0.001 in Week 3]. In 2022, similar trends were observed [Week 2: F (5,18) = 45.419, p<0.001 at Dera]. Grain yield also increased significantly with insecticide treatments, with the highest yields from dimethoate and rotational applications [Fogera 2021: F(5,18) = 48.154, p<0.001]. Cost-benefit analysis indicated that despite higher initial costs, treatments with dimethoate and rotational applications provided the highest net benefits due to their superior effectiveness in pest control and yield improvement. These findings underscore the importance of integrated pest management strategies, including rotational use of insecticides, to manage pea aphid populations effectively while enhancing grain yield and economic returns. In conclusion, implementing rotational insecticide strategies alongside Dimethoate application is recommended to sustainably manage pea aphids in grass pea crops.

The practice of skipping meals is prevalent among nursing students, often due to the pressures of academic and clinical schedules. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a structured teaching program designed to address the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to meal-skipping among nursing students. A quasi-experimental design was used, involving a pre-test and post-test assessment of 60 nursing students from nursing college. Data on meal-skipping behaviors, nutritional knowledge, and health attitudes were collected using a validated questionnaire. The intervention included educational sessions on the importance of balanced nutrition, the effects of skipping meals on health and academic performance, and strategies for effective meal planning. Post-intervention results revealed a significant increase in knowledge and a positive shift in attitudes toward regular meal consumption, with a substantial reduction in reported meal-skipping behaviors. Assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on skipping meals among nursing students. This was a quasi-experimental study where closed ended demographic questionnaire were given to 60 first year student to assess their current situation and self-administered knowledge questionnaire were used as a tool to access sleep hygiene and sleep quality respectively among those 60 first year nursing student by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by direct distribution of tools to each nursing student and data was analysed and results were interpreted by using quasi experimental statistics. The overall mean percentage knowledge score in the pre-test and post-test were 32.75 % and 72.3%, respectively. Enhancements in mean percentage score were found to be 39.55%. The results of the study showed that the overall mean percentage knowledge score in the pre-test and post-test were 32.75 % and 72.3%, respectively. Enhancements in mean percentage score were found to be 39.55%. The statistical paired ‘t’ test indicates that enhancement in the mean percentage knowledge score was found to be significant at 0.05 level for all the aspect under study. The association found to be totally significant between pre-test knowledge scores and selected socio demographic variables at 0.05 level (p<0.05). The study findings suggested that ppt assisted structured teaching program is an effective instructional method in improving the knowledge regarding Skipping Meal among nursing students.

Stroke sometimes called as a brain attack occurs when a clot blocks the blood supply to the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Mirror therapy reduce spasticity, muscle pain, improve muscle strength and improves patient quality of life. In which inversion of visual feedback leads to additional activation of hemisphere contralateral to the perceived limb laterally. Sample size is 60 in which 30 samples covered for experimental group, 30 samples covered for control group and Non probability purposive sampling technique used. Medical research council (MRC) scale acts as a tool for measuring the level of muscle strength. The percentage distribution of muscle strength scores reveals that stroke patients in experimental group had significant resistance whereas in control group had no resistance in the muscle strength level. The findings of the study shows the significance difference between the mean and standard deviation of post test muscle strength scores of stroke patients of experimental and control group using ‘t’ test. The obtained ‘t’ value 5.887 is greater than table value 2.05 at 29 DF in 0.05 level of significance. Therefore the obtained ‘t’ value is found to be significant.

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Video-Assisted Teaching Module (VATM) in enhancing knowledge on the practice of surgical fomentation for patients with diabetic foot among staff nurses at Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Medical College Hospital, Salem. The objectives included assessing pre-existing knowledge, evaluating VATM’s effectiveness, and analysing demographic variables' impact. A pre-experimental research design was employed, with 48 staff nurses selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire before and after the VATM intervention. The pre-test mean score was 12.73 (42%), and the post-test mean score increased to 19.19 (64%), demonstrating the VATM’s effectiveness with a 22% improvement. The highest effectiveness (26%) was in the "surgical fomentation" domain, while the "articles required" domain showed the lowest effectiveness (17%). Data analysis revealed significant improvement in knowledge post-intervention, with no significant association between knowledge scores and demographic variables such as age, gender, or educational background. The study concludes that VATM is an effective tool for improving nurses' knowledge on surgical fomentation, supporting better care for diabetic foot patients. The results emphasize the need for ongoing educational interventions to enhance nursing practices.

Obesity in children and adolescents is a global public health concern, with significant implications for physical, mental, and social well-being. The weight children carry in early childhood determines their trajectory toward obesity, with their body mass index (BMI) during childhood continuing to influence them as they move through adolescence and into adulthood. The causes of childhood and teenage obesity are intricate and varied, making prevention and treatment challenging for doctors and researchers. The increasing incidence of childhood obesity has also led to the early emergence of obesity-associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and psychological issues such as depression and low self-esteem. By assessing BMI annually and providing families with age-appropriate anticipatory advice, pediatricians and family medicine doctors can contribute significantly to the fight against obesity. This comprehensive review discusses prevalence, causes, health consequences, and evidence-based interventions to address this critical issue. It explores the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors contributing to the rise in childhood and adolescent obesity, underscoring the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention and treatment. Strategies must involve actions at the community and environmental levels, in addition to individual and parental efforts.

Body image is considered as a core issue for public health and associates with young adult’s overall health. Psychological well-being, such as optimism, self-esteem, proactive coping, positive affect, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, and emotional intelligence. The present study is aimed at assessing the impact of body appreciation on the self-esteem among young adults. Total 60 students between age 20-23 years were enumerated from the selected educational institution of Bangalore (Karnataka) after obtaining informed consent. Data was collected by tool using: Structured rating scale for assessment of body appreciation (Body appreciation scale-2), modified self-esteem inventory for assessment of self-esteem (Rosenberg self-esteem scale). Mean percentage score analysis indicates that among the four domains under study, self-confidence possess highest mean percentage score that is 82.5% (14.86±13.12), and the rest domains like identity, feeling of belongingness and feeling of competence obtained 72.22% (43.3±15.53), 81.11% (48.6±16.91) and 88.38% (53.05±13.76) respectively. Analysis revealed a significant relationship between body appreciation and self-esteem as Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation was calculated and r was found to be +0.983. Body appreciation had significant association with selected socio demographic variables (i.e., religion). Body appearance pressure is an issue among young adults. Actions to promote body appreciation and prevent body appearance pressure may include an implementation of media literacy, body functionality, and exercise as topics within the education program to safeguard their health and well-being. In order to reduce the incidence of negative body image and poor self esteem, these variables need to be cared for.

Menstruation, often referred to as menses or a period, involves the monthly discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus through the vagina, typically beginning between the ages of 12 and 15, known as menarche. The menstrual cycle lasts 21-45 days in young women, averaging 28 days in adults, with bleeding lasting 2 to 7 days. Feminine hygiene products, essential for managing menstruation, include disposable items like sanitary napkins and tampons, as well as reusable options such as menstrual cups and cloth pads. Menstrual cups, made from silicone, are eco-friendly and cost-effective but face adoption barriers due to lack of awareness. This study aimed to assess knowledge about the side effects of sanitary pads and promote menstrual cup usage among college girls. Utilizing a non-experimental survey design, data was collected over seven days from 30 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Results indicated that a significant majority (90%) of participants had inadequate knowledge regarding menstrual cups, with only 10% exhibiting moderate knowledge. The findings highlight a critical gap in awareness about menstrual health and hygiene, emphasizing the need for educational interventions. Promoting knowledge about menstrual cups could encourage better practices and hygiene management during menstruation. Further research is necessary to explore effective strategies for increasing awareness and acceptance of menstrual cups among young women.

Nursing students sometimes suffer from severe sleep problems as a result of academic pressure and environmental changes, despite the fact that getting enough sleep is essential for cognitive performance and general health. The purpose of this study is to assess sleep habits and knowledge of sleep hygiene and how it affects the quality of sleep. Purposive sampling was used to choose 60 first-year nursing students as a sample. A self-administered knowledge questionnaire, the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), and a demographic questionnaire were used to collect data. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. 55% of the students were between the ages of 18 and 20, 70% lived in rental housing, and 93.33% lived far from their family, according to the demographic data. The findings showed that the individuals experienced substantial sleep disturbances: nightmare problem and sleep apnea affected 22.4% of them, hypersomnia affected 10.5%, and insomnia affected 27.4% of them. Inadequate sleep length and erratic sleep schedules were common examples of poor sleep hygiene habits. The study discovered that the absence of a reliable support network, study pressure, and changes in the surroundings were the main causes of poor sleep quality. The results show how urgently nursing students' sleep hygiene and quality need to be improved. Resolving these problems may improve their general wellbeing and academic achievement. To lessen the negative effects of sleep disruptions, more study should concentrate on creating focused ways for enhancing sleep hygiene practices within this population.

Aim: To evaluate the salivary pH and incidence of dental caries and periodontal status in Diabetes Mellitus and non-diabetic subjects. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted which included 40 subjects. 20 Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus subjects and 20 non diabetic subjects. The pH of saliva was determined using a digital pH meter. For dental and periodontal Status, clinical examination was performed and Modified WHO Oral Health Assessment Form for Adults, 2013 was measured. The data collected was statistically analyzed and interpreted. Results: There was a decrease in the mean salivary pH of (6.59±0.10) in diabetic group, compared to that of non diabetic group (7.49±0.24). The mean number of carious teeth in diabetics (7.2±3.61) was significantly higher than in non diabetic subjects (2.55±1.05). Likewise, periodontal health was worse in diabetic subjects, with a higher prevalence of gingival bleeding and pockets of 4-5 mm depth, emphasizing the association between diabetes and increased oral health risks. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus and increased incidence of dental caries and periodontitis. The salivary pH was significantly lower, hence the evaluation of salivary parameters can be a cost effective and a non invasive alternative for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes.

Aim: To assess the dental treatment anxiety levels & oral health status among university students of different health occupations in Pune city, & to correlate it with their fields of study & between the genders. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 293 university students from Physiotherapy, Pharmacy, and Unani medicine colleges in Pune city. Data was collected using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) given by Humphries et al., the modified WHO ’s Oral Health Assessment form (2013) and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified given by Greene and Vermillion (1964). Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the relationship between anxiety levels, oral health and Field of Study. Results: Pharmacy students had the highest anxiety (mean MDAS score of 15 ± 4.3), followed by Physiotherapy students (14 ± 4.4) and Unani medicine students (13 ± 3.4). Most of the participants had fair oral hygiene(p<0.0001) & majority of them required prompt dental treatment (p<0.001). A statistically significant correlation was found between higher dental treatment anxiety scores and poorer oral hygiene (p < 0.001). Females reported higher anxiety levels than males (p<0.01). Conclusion: Dental treatment anxiety is prevalent among students, with higher levels of dental treatment anxiety correlating to poorer oral health. Interventions targeting dental treatment anxiety reduction and dental health education are needed, particularly for students outside of healthcare fields to provide good dental care.

Renal failure is a serious medical condition affecting the kidneys. When a person suffers from renal failure, the kidneys are not functioning properly. Renal failure can be a progressive disease. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of VATP on the knowledge regarding selfcare management among patients with chronic renal failure receiving regular hemodialysis, and to find the association between their posttest knowledge level and their selected socio-demographic variables. The research design selected for the present study was one-group pre-test and post-test pre-experimental design, Convenience sampling technique was used to select 40 patients with chronic renal failure receiving regular hemodialysis. Data was collected by using a structured interview schedule from the respondents. VATP was administered after conducting pre-test and post-test was conducted after 7 day of the intervention. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The mean percentage of post-test knowledge score (85.00%) was higher than that of pre-test knowledge score (34.83%). The t value computed [t (39) = 20.63 P< 0.05} showed a significant difference, which showed that the VATP was effective in enhancing the knowledge among the patients with chronic renal failure on selfcare management of chronic renal failure.

The Gambia is one of the economies that have made several developmental and industrialization attempts to reposition its economy. One of the channels adopted to enforce these attempts is the channel of domestic private investment. A retinue of statistical and econometric tests such as descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) Bounds testing procedure were employed to evaluate the empirical content of the domestic private investment-macroeconomic determinants model. Exchange rate, GDP, credit to private sector, Real Interest Rate, Inflation and money supply were empirically identified as potent exogenous variables in the domestic private investment-macroeconomic determinants model. The results indicated that interest rate, exchange rate and money supply are not statistically significant in explaining the performance of domestic private investment in the Gambia. Real Interest Rate, Real Exchange Rate, Inflation all performed below expectation. Credit to the private sector of the Gambia economy has contributed significantly and effectively to the boosting of domestic private investment in the Gambia due to the quantum of credit channeled to the economy. The study therefore suggests that exchange rate, interest rate and money supply policies should be formulated and implemented to boost domestic investment level in Gambia. The Gambian economy should prioritize the promotion of domestic private investment, as well as debasing and eliminating multi-variate barriers to domestic investment that stifle domestic private investment initiative or involvement of local investors in business ventures.