The fetal brain injury associated with maternal caffeine administration in rats was studied using the Cajal reactive astrocytes method. Thirty (30) adult female rats were mated and pregnant female rats were divided into three major groups, namely A, B and C. Each group had ten pregnant rats. Group A served as the control and were served distilled water. Groups B and C received 50 mg and 90 mg/kg per body weight of caffeine (Sigma-Aldrich). On the 20th day of gestation, pregnant rats were sacrificed by chloroform inhalation method. Sixty fetuses were randomly selected and weighed. The brains of fetuses were harvested and fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin. Sections of the fetal brain were processed histologically using the Cajal reactive astrocytes staining method. Results revealed normal morphological appearance of astrocytes in the brain of fetal rats given distilled water while the sections of fetal brain of rats exposed to maternal administration of 50 mg and 90 mg/kg body weight of caffeine showed increased number of astrocytes that were hypertrophied and are termed reactive astrocytes. There was no significant difference in weights of animals in control group and test groups. Based on the presence of reactive astrocytes observed in the test group, the study suggests that maternal caffeine administration may induce fetal brain injury in rats