Lung cancers are broadly classified as small-cell carcinomas and non-small-cell carcinomas. Non-small-cell lung cancer is more common and it accounts for up to 75% of lung cancers. Determination of the development of cancer to lungs is solely dependent on mutation of cells leading to the expression of tumor specific proteins. Hence a clear understanding of the vital structural design and physiology of the lungs assists in determination of the stages of this disease. The anatomical architecture of the lungs and their organization with adjacent organs throws light on the site of origin of malignancy, its spreading pattern and clinical presentation etc. This article has summarized the types of lung cancer, pathophysiology along with the microenvironment. The article includes the discussion on the treatment interventions such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, the promising potential of immunotherapies and target-oriented therapies in NSCLC. Even though, the lung cancer is escapable however, it is usually diagnosed at an incurable stage.