Anatomy has always been the cornerstone of medical science, providing the essential basis for diagnosis, surgery, and therapeutics. While modern anatomy relies on dissection and microscopic techniques, its origins lie in the traditions of Greek physicians and the scholarly contributions of Arab and Islamic medicine. Within this heritage, the study of Tasrῑḥ Shaḥm wa Áḍalāt (anatomy of subcutaneous fat and muscle) highlights the integration of descriptive observation, philosophical reasoning, and clinical application. Greek physicians like Galen laid the groundwork with detailed, albeit animal-based, descriptions of muscles, tendons, and subcutaneous tissues, influencing subsequent generations despite notable inaccuracies in human applications. Arab scholars, building on these translations via institutions like the House of Wisdom, advanced anatomical understanding through systematic dissections and clinical observations, particularly in soft tissues such as subcutaneous fat (shahm) and muscles (aḍalāt). This synthesis not only preserved but enriched Greco-Roman texts, setting the stage for medieval medical progress. Through an analysis of primary Unani manuscripts, historical commentaries, and modern anatomical references, the works of Hippocrates, Al-Rāzī, Al-Majūsī, Ibn Sīnā, Al-Jurjānī, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Hubal al-Baghdādī, Ibn al-Quff, and Al-Masīḥī were examined. Their observations not only contributed to theoretical anatomy but also influenced practical medicine, such as methods of pulse detection, surgical approaches, and interpretations of disease. The comparison between classical and modern anatomy reveals that while ancient scholars provided largely descriptive and functional insights, contemporary anatomy has advanced these ideas with histology, imaging technologies, and biomechanics. Fat (shaḥm) was described as a nutritive reserve and protective cushion, whereas muscle (áḍalāt) was identified as the organ of movement, strength, and resilience. These early views, while framed in pre-modern contexts, share meaningful continuities with contemporary understandings of physiology. This review explores the perspectives of classical Greek and Arab scholars on fat and muscle, emphasizing their significance in both structure and function.